Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Reaction paper - Essay Example Also, he was a decent understudy of Geography and I made sense of he would be helpful in giving ways utilizing a compass (Ruskin 9). My companion and I got lost somewhere inside one of the Indian timberlands. We were terrified for we didn't know of any assistance. We inadvertently ran over an antiquated pot that had Sanskrit works on it. I took it the pot since it would bring a decent cost at a traveler shop. Marlin recommended we follow a pathway and see where it would lead. In transit we saw deciduous trees that were concealing their leaves. Different trees looked like coniferous that the science instructor had revealed to us hold up under cones (Ruskin 22). Before long we were overwhelmed with hunger. We chose to make a camp to rest for the evening and proceed with the inquiry the next day. We attempted to make fire to warm ourselves however we proved unable. Therefore, we dozed in cold under the twilight. In the night, Marlin whined of processing issues which were an aftereffect of eating cold food. As though the processing issues were insufficient, a vermin rat bit him. I gave him emergency treatment and trusted he would be fine the next day (Ruskin 33). The following day, he was blossoming with certainty and looked sound. I said thanks to God. No sooner had we begun to stroll than we saw a gathering of Indian trackers. We gave them our story and they demonstrated us the route to the town. We were so cheerful for we knew, we would be protected finally (Ruskin

Stuck in Neutral

Unfinished version of Stuck in Neutral Terry Trueman’s Stuck in Neutral is about a kid who has Cerebral Palsy but then loves his life. Shawn McDaniels has a ton of issues however he stays hopeful. His CP has left him completely impaired; he can't walk, talk, eat, or convey. In spite of the fact that Shawn recognizes that there is â€Å"Bad News† about his reality, he centers around the encouraging points throughout his life. Shawn cherishes his family profoundly and acknowledges individuals. Shawn finds the tangible universe of hearing, smell, taste, and internal life, which is loaded up with his recollections and incredible excursions of his seizures. Shawn is an extremely cherishing individual. Everybody can see this by how Shawn adores his family and acknowledges individuals. You can see this all through the book, similar to Cindy showing Shawn how to peruse. Due to Cindy, Shawn currently realizes how to peruse, and he now foul more in his general surroundings. He adores his dad on account of what he has accomplished for Shawn. He had Shawn go on a reasonable ride with him since he felt terrible for him, Shawn additionally acknowledges the sonnet that was made for Shawn and is presently an acclaimed sonnet (pg. 29), and in conclusion, Shawn has trust in his dad since they have twofold jointed thumbs and each time he sees Shawn, he would in every case first draw back his fingers. The explanation Shawn’s father does this is on the grounds that they share something for all intents and purpose and Shawn adores this uncommon association (pg. 52). In any case, ultimately Paul. Paul since he defended Shawn when he was getting assaulted by the hooligans. Shawn says, â€Å"I’ve never observed Paul like this, he resembles a monster† (pg. 94). These are the reasons why he cherishes his family the most. Shawn finds the tangible universe of hearing, smelling, taste, and contacting intriguing. Shawn has an unmistakable character. Shawn adores the site of the artworks that he has seen, the vibe of the wipe and water on his back when he is cleaning up, the sound a 1966 Portage Mustang and the flavor of smoked clams and chocolate pudding (pg. 84). He has consistently adored when his father’s arm was around him in the recreation center since he has expected that he may slaughter him, he has a sense of security and agreeable in his arms (pg. 98). He likewise recollects when he was at the science show that he can recall all the hints of the music that was playing there. He heard all the tunes and could recall them all from the tunes, songs, and orchestras. He has and will consistently recall the things that he has cherished. The character that separates Shawn from every other person is his internal character. Shawn adores his internal existence of memory and seizures. This is the thing that separates him from every other person. This is on the grounds that he thinks seizures are supernatural occurrences. Since it is the main thing that allows him to free (pg. 31-32). The delights of his seizures is the point at which he senses that he is free, taking off over Seattle and when he sees the various hues. He feels like that is his lone time that he feels typical. He feels typical in light of the fact that he can move like an ordinary individual and feel like an ordinary individual. He would sell his family and his companions just to keep his seizures. He would do anything just to keep his seizures. â€Å"I would even surrender my loved ones just to keep my seizures†, Shawn. In the book, Shawn faces a ton of deterrents throughout his life. In any case, at that point he had some great occasions, similar to his adoration for his family, his tangible universe of hearing, smell, taste, and contact, and his affection for his internal existence of memory and seizures. He doesn’t care that he has CP, he simply need to carry on with his life without limit. Everybody can gain from this since now we can say that we are fortunate to have a typical life and we can be thankful to not have issues with our body

The PANDAS Hypothesis and Causes of OCD

The PANDAS Hypothesis and Causes of OCD OCD Causes Print The PANDAS Hypothesis and Causes of OCD By Naveed Saleh, MD, MS twitter linkedin Naveed Saleh, MD, MS, is a medical writer and editor covering new treatments and trending health news. Learn about our editorial policy Naveed Saleh, MD, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 26, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on November 26, 2019 Getty Images More in OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD Related Conditions It may sound improbable that strep throat can be a cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, for the first time, large-scale research coming out of Denmark seems to support this causal relationship. Background Bacteria are responsible for between 5 and 10 percent of sore throats. The most common bacterial agent responsible for sore throat is group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS or “strep”). In 1998, researchers at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIHM) observed that some children abruptly develop obsessive-compulsive disorder, tics, and other neuropsychiatric symptoms after being infected with GAS and other types of bacteria and viruses. These symptoms are rapid onset, and peak in intensity within 24 to 48 hours. Usually, OCD begins more gradually. Furthermore, the initial presentation of OCD can be hidden for months by a child secondary to anxiety or embarrassment about irrational worries and behaviors. In the beginning, the NIMH chose to focus its initial research efforts on the association between streptococcal infection and sore throat. They came up with a working hypothesis titled Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections or PANDAS. The PANDAS hypothesis describes how infection with GABS potentially causes OCD through an autoimmune process. The PANDAS hypothesis is controversial, and for years, there was limited support for it because all the studies examining the relationship between streptococcal infection, OCD, and tics involved only small numbers of participants. However, in a May 2017 issue of JAMA Psychiatry, Orlovska and co-authors detail a large study examining the link between GASâ€"as well as other types of infectionâ€"and OCD and tics. They looked at the records of more than one million Danish children spanning 17 years.         PANDAS Diagnosis There is no laboratory test that diagnoses PANDAS. Instead, a diagnosis of PANDAS is based on a detailed history and physical examination. Here are the five criteria used to diagnose PANDAS: Presence of either OCD, tic disorder, or both.The explosion in the onset of OCD, tics, or both that occurs abruptly and can wax and wane following subsequent streptococcal infections. Subsequent exacerbations similarly present with dramatic symptoms.Onset between 3 years and 11 years (the beginning of puberty). (This criterion is arbitrary, and adolescents can rarely be diagnosed with PANDAS.)Association with the sudden onset of symptoms suggestive of other neuropsychiatric illness, including concentration difficulties, general anxiety, bed-wetting, irritability, and developmental regression.A temporal association with a streptococcal infection needs to be established by either throat culture or blood tests (i.e., elevated anti-GAS antibody titers). Sydenham chorea, which also results in rapid, involuntary movements resembling tics, must also be ruled out to diagnose PANDAS. Like PANDAS, Sydenham chorea and, more generally, rheumatic fever have autoimmune underpinnings and occur secondary to  streptococcal infection. OCD in Children Differs From Adults How Does PANDAS Occur? Genetics, development, and immunity contribute to the development of PANDAS: First, certain children seem susceptible to PANDAS, and these children may share genetic similarities with those who experience rheumatic fever and Sydenham chorea.Second, PANDAS is developmental in nature because it usually affects children who have not yet experienced puberty, with the peak age being 6 or 7.Third, as with Syndenham chorea, those with PANDAS are hypothesized to develop antibodies that attack nerve cells in the brain. Streptococcal bacteria are a hardy and primeval organism that can mimic the cellular appearance of various body tissues to evade the body’s immune system.   When GABS mimic the appearance of brain cells, antibodies to brain tissue are thought to form. These antibodies end up attacking the basal ganglia, and instead of causing Sydenham chorea, result in OCD, tics, and so forth. PANS Diagnosis Because it is often hard to pinpoint an exact temporal relationship between strep infection and OCD or tics, in 2010, clinicians and researchers expanded the classification of PANDAS so that it falls under the umbrella of Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS). Instead of explicitly tying diagnosis to only streptococcal infection, PANS is more generally described by the abrupt onset of OCD and can be associated with nonstreptococcal infection, too, including influenza and varicella (chicken pox). Specifically, here are the diagnostic criteria for PANS: The abrupt and dramatic onset of OCDConcurrent presence of two additional neuropsychiatric symptoms similar to those seen in PANDASSymptoms which can’t be better explained by another neurological or motor disorder, such as Sydenham chorea, lupus, or Tourette disorder Notably, by formulating the PANS diagnosis, these clinicians and researchers hope to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of abrupt-onset OCD. The relationship between PANDAS and PANS is analogous to the relationship between melanoma and cancer. In other words, just like melanoma is a subset of cancer, PANDAS is a subset of PANS. Of note, a diagnosis of PANS is also based on a detailed history and physical exam. Early vs Late-Onset OCD New Research Orlovska and colleagues examined Danish patient records spanning 17 (1996 to 2013) years and representing 1,067,743 children (defined as fewer than 18 years old). This study is by far the highest-powered analysis of the PANDAS hypothesis to date, and results support fundamental elements of this hypothesis. Here is a more specific breakdown of the patient records: 519,821 girls547,922 boys638,265 children received a streptococcal test349,982 had at least one positive streptococcal test The researchers found that children with a positive strep test result were more likely to exhibit mental disordersâ€"in particular, OCD and ticâ€"compared with those children without a strep test. More specifically, children with a positive strep test had an 18 percent higher risk of developing any mental disorder, a 51 percent higher risk of developing OCD, and a 35 percent higher risk of developing tic disorders. The researchers also found that children who had a nonstreptococcal throat infection (i.e., negative streptococcal test) also were at increased risk for mental disorders, OCD, and tic disorders. However, the magnitude of this risk was lower than that for streptococcal infection. The researchers found that, as defined by PANDAS criteria, children between age 3 and 11 had the greatest increased risk of OCD and tic disorders. According to the researchers, the results of the study support the PANDAS hypothesis to some extent. With regards to nonstreptococcal infection, they write the following: Our findings that the risk of mental disorders is only slightly less elevated after a nonstreptococcal throat infection than after a streptococcal infection suggest that other, possibly viral, infectious agents are also linked with the development of OCD and tic disorders. This finding might instead support the recently proposed concept of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome … Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome offers an alternative to PANDAS with wider diagnostic criteria; it is primarily thought to be a postinfectious condition but without restriction to streptococcal infections. PANDAS Treatment and Prevention As described in Fegin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Diseases: This proposed disorder [PANDAS] is currently a hypothesis, and it remains a controversial topic. Several authors believe in this disorder as a separate entity and recommend treatment and prophylaxis. Others argue that it is only a hypothesis and that further evidence with double-blind studies is needed before recommending treatment and prevention for children given a diagnosis of PANDAS. In other words, some experts view PANDAS (and PANS) as conjecture. Others, however, consider PANDAS diagnosis and will treat it accordingly. Recommendations Of note, the NIMH does recommend certain treatment options for those who are thought to have the condition: Children with PANDAS-related obsessive-compulsive symptoms will benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and/or anti-obsessional medications. Studies show that the best results are produced from the combination of CBT and an SSRI medication (such as fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, or paroxetine). Children with PANDAS appear to be unusually sensitive to the side-effects of SSRIs and other medications, so it is important to “START LOW AND GO SLOW!!” when using these medications. By starting children on low dosages of psychotropic medications, the number and severity of negative side effects are minimized. If a child ends up experiencing negative side effects while on medication, the dosage should be decreased immediately. Of note, psychotropic medications should not be stopped abruptly because doing so could be dangerous. Antibiotics The NIMH stresses that if the strep infection is still present, the best treatment for PANDAS is antibiotics, including amoxicillin, penicillin, azithromycin, and cephalosporins. With positive throat cultures, a single course of antibiotics should be sufficient. Other measures include replacing toothbrushes and testing family members for strep to limit the risk of re-infection. Based on a small number of case reports, some clinicians treat patients who demonstrate symptoms of PANDAS with antibiotics even when streptococcal tests are negative. This practice requires further investigation. Immune-based therapies, including plasma exchange (i.e., plasmapheresis) and intravenous immunoglobulin, have also shown been used to effectively treat symptoms related to PANDAS. Steroids Steroids have also been used to treat PANDAS. However, the results of steroid treatment are mixed, with only some reports of benefit and other reports of worsening tics. Furthermore, steroids should be used only for a short period of time because they can be dangerous when used long-term. Finally, patients with PANDAS who receive steroids can experience a rebound effect which results in PANDAS symptoms that are even worse than when the steroids were started. For these reasons, steroids are usually not recommended for treatment in children who have PANDAS. Of note, sometimes a brief treatment with steroids can help clinicians gauge which patients will be responsive to plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin. On a related note, the preceding treatment guidance primarily applies to PANDAS not PANS, because PANS is a newer diagnosis with no tested treatments. Nevertheless, if PANS appears to be triggered by an infectious agent, treatment of the infection may attenuate the symptoms of OCD and other neuropsychiatric symptoms. Additionally, treatments that work for PANDAS, such as immune-based therapies, as well as preventive strategies, may also be useful when treating symptoms related to PANS. In two small clinical trials, prophylactic treatment with antibioticsâ€"or treatment before the occurrence of streptococcal throat infection and PANDAS symptomsâ€"proved effective in preventing strep infections and reducing recurrences of PANDAS symptoms. Specifically, some children who previously experienced PANDAS-related symptoms several months a year experienced far fewer exacerbations once given prophylactic antibiotics. These children were treated with either penicillin or azithromycin. Analogously, treatment with prophylactic antibiotics has proven useful with other streptococcal sequelae that have autoimmune origins, such as rheumatic fever and Sydenham chorea thus providing further support for this intervention. Could Childhood OCD be an Autoimmune Disorder?